Influence of Cultural Practices on the Performance of Long Level Basins in Egypt

Several field studies were conducted tobetter understand the influence of culturalpractices, inflow rate and field conditionson the performance of modern surfaceirrigation systems in Egypt. Field datawere collected on wheat and cotton underEgyptian conditions in order to estimateinfiltration, roughness and performanceparameters. Tests were made with a varietyof inflow rates and a variety ofcross-section shapes (flat or furrowed andseveral furrow spacings). These studiesprovide information on expected values ofinfiltration and roughness parameterstypical of cracking clay soils in the NileDelta, as well as guidelines andrecommendations for use of long-levelbasins in Egypt.     

Using drainage systems for supplementary irrigation

The use of drainage systems for supplementary irrigation is widespread in The Netherlands. One of the operating policies is to raise the surface water level during the growing season in order to reduce drainage (water conservation) or to create subsurface irrigation. This type of operation is based on practical experience, which can be far from optimal.To obtain better founded operational water management rules a total soil water/surface water model was built. In a case study the effects of using the drainage system in a dual-purpose manner on the arable crop production were simulated with the model. Also, the operational rules for managing this type of dual-purpose drainage systems were derived.The average annual simulated increase in crop transpiration due to water conservation and water supply for subsurface irrigation are 6.0 and 5.4 mm.y^–1, respectively. This is equivalent with 520 × 10³ and 460 × 10³ Dfl.y^–1 for the pilot region (2 Dfl 1 US $). The corresponding investments and operational costs are 600 × 10³ Dfl and 9 × 10³ Dfl.y^–1 for water conservation and 3200 × 10³ Dfl and 128 × 10³ Dfl.y^–1 for subsurface irrigation. Hence, water conservation is economically very profitable, whereas subsurface irrigation is less attractive.Comparing the management according to the model with current practice in a water-board during 1983 and 1986 learned that benefits can increase with some 50 and 500 Dfl per ha per year, respectively.     

Infiltration in surface irrigated swelling soils

Infiltration characteristics for border strip irrigation at two sites with swelling clay soils were examined. Volume infiltrated was calculated from flow onto the field monitored with flow meters; depth of water in the soil estimated from soil samples taken before and after irrigation; and the advance profile which was used to calculate the volume infiltrated with time. Volume infiltrated was compared with volume of cracks before irrigation.Linear advance and observed crack closing supported the hypothesis that infiltration approached zero after about 10 min. Volume of cracks was less than 20% of the volume infiltrated. Wetting front was 3–10 times greater than depth of observed surface cracks. There was no significant correlation between intake opportunity time and depth of infiltration, but elevation irregularities were related to infiltration.     

压电驱动微悬臂梁与基底粗糙面间多次接触分析

基于压电原理,在考虑黏着、微凸体间相互作用、基底弹塑性变形及微悬臂梁弹性恢复等基础上,运用ABAQUS动态模拟分析了压电薄膜驱动下微悬臂梁末端与基底粗糙面间的接触。结果表明:每次压电驱动接触过程中均存在数次明显的接触-分离情形,梁与基底在无电压作用后2~4μs内仍出现黏合,分离期间粗糙表面发生小部分的弹塑性变形,其中最大残余应力值处于接触区域边缘;随着压电驱动次数的增加,基底发生塑性变形区域不断向两边扩展,表面间黏合作用增强,影响系统接触的可靠性。     

凹坑形表面土壤减阻率试验及界面动态观察

利用切向粘附动态试验台，测试并研究了土壤含水率为35．1％条件下，玻璃和有机玻璃凹坑形仿生非光滑表面和光滑表面与土壤相互作用的摩擦阻力。采用二元二次回归正交组合设计试验方案，探讨当凹坑形非光滑表面和光滑表面在正压力和速度变化时，土壤摩擦阻力的变化规律，观察两种材料表面与土壤界面的动态变化，讨论试样表面形态与界面水膜及土壤摩擦阻力的关系。试验结果表明，在试验条件下，与光滑试样相比凹坑形非光滑表面玻璃试样减阻率为8．29％～24．65％，有机玻璃试样的减阻率为1．29％～8．18％。     

旋耕刀曲面典型形状的研究

给出了描述旋耕刀曲面形状特征的３个角度参数：滑切角、起土角及偏切角，对比研究了日本典型旋耕刀ＦＴ８０３及Ｙ１５１和我国国家标准旋耕刀ⅡＴ２４５的这３个角度参数值，指出了旋耕刀曲面形状对其耕作性能和功耗的影响。     

提高拖拉机覆盖件模具曲面加工精度的研究

通过拖拉机覆盖件模具的加工,分析了CAM软件在进行覆盖件模具数控程序设计时,影响曲面加工质量的相关因素;从刀具、加工方法、进退刀方式和切削参数等方面介绍了提高曲面加工精度和采取的改进措施。     

生物柴油作为汽车新能源的特点

近年来，随着人们对有限石油资源的认识，意识到应减少对其作为主要能源的依赖，在全球范围内加快了对可再生能源的研究。生物柴油是很具潜力的汽车可再生替代燃料。它是一种可再生、环保的替代能源，它可以在未做任何改动的柴油机上燃用。本文通过对生物柴油作为汽车燃料特点的分析，指出生物柴油作为一种新型燃料，是目前柴油的较好替代品．认为生物柴油作为汽车新能源具有很好的实用意义和很大的发展潜力。     

环境变化对河北省水资源量的影响

分析了气候变化、地下水超采、地表径流及粮食产量变化等方面对水资源的影响，结论认为，在新一轮水资源评价中，要充分考虑环境变化对水资源量的影响，加强地下水位大埋深条件下地表产流量、地下水补给量以及作物产量水平提高对水资源影响的实验研究，以提高新一轮水资源评价成果的精度。     

凡纳对虾小触角表面结构的显微观察

应用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜观察了凡纳对虾小触角的表面结构。结果发现：小触角上广泛着生着700根以上的羽状刚毛；外鞭片状隆起腹面平均约具280根无顶孔但有细分支的化感刚毛，这类有分支的化感刚毛在其它十足目种类上未见有报道，而且其刚毛数也较其它种类少；内侧附肢前端与柄节上直立的羽状刚毛毛簇顶相接触，推测该结构可能对相邻的复眼具某种作用。